Hypertensive retinopathy is an eye condition caused by long-term high blood pressure damaging the small blood vessels in the retina, the light-sensitive tissue at the back of the eye. Elevated blood pressure causes these vessels to narrow, leak, or become blocked, reducing blood flow and oxygen to retinal tissue. Early stages may cause no symptoms, but advanced disease can lead to blurred vision, vision loss, or headaches. Hypertensive retinopathy is significant because it reflects widespread vascular damage and increases the risk of heart disease, stroke, and kidney problems. Controlling blood pressure is key to prevention and management.